The fluid coupling (hydraulic coupling) is a hydrodynamic device that transfers rotational power from one shaft to another by accelerating and decelerating hydraulic fluid. The mechanism is generally used in places where efficient power transfer is required: automotive transmissions, marine propulsion systems, industries for powering large machinery or pumps – they are even sometimes used to make their own homemade devices.
Parts of fluid coupling
The main parts of fluid coupling consist of:
Housing
Housing or shell has an oil-tight seal around the drive shaft that helps in rotation and also protects the impeller and turbine from outside damage.
Impeller or pump
The impeller is also called a pump because it acts as a centrifugal pump, however, the turbine stays intact with the input shaft hence they are called an impeller.
As the prime movers start rotation, it also simultaneously rotates the impellers of the coupling. Thus it starts acting as a centrifugal pump and thrusts the fluid outward and sends them towards the turbine blades.
Turbine
The turbine connects the output shaft through which the rotational power is transmitted. The driving turbine is rotated by the prime mover, which is generally an internal combustion engine or electric motor.
The impeller is attached to the prime mover (internal combustion engine) which is a power source. The turbine blade turns and rotates as it's connected to the output shaft where rotation is needed to be transmitted. Further, the impeller and turbine are enclosed in an oil-tight locked chamber.
Working mechanism of fluid coupling
When the crankshaft rotates, it causes the impeller to rotate. It is filled with oil and this centrifugal force thrusts the fluid outward radially which makes the turbine spin. Hence the engine power is transferred from the crankshaft to transmission shafts through gears or belts, all these parts of internal combustion work together. As the engine gains its speed, the removed oil from the impeller strikes the driven member with intensified force, and then the impeller rotates at the same speed. As it starts rotating, it becomes one single unit through the oil film which connects both the members. When the engine stops rotating, the oil film between the driving and driven members breaks away and gets disengaged.
Application of fluid coupling
- A fluid coupling is highly used in automotive industries for the transmission of power from one source (engine) to the wheel as an alternative to the clutch.
- Used for several industrial applications where heavy starting torque is required.
- They are also utilized in aeronautical applications.
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